Right - From an 1895 French magazine illustration showing attending the Sultan on parade:

• Imperial guardsmen, identified by his red shoulder boards; these were edged yellow, following the older pre-1860s Imperial Guard's uniform.
• Zouave of the Imperial Guard (discussed below).

The Imperial Guard were formed into an Army Group during the reign of Abdul Hamid II (ruling from 31 August 1876 until he was deposed on 27 April 1909).

• We do not know a lot about the IG, because the history of these troops has been poorly documented in the past.
• However, contained in the US Library of Congress is the photo collection of Sultan Abdul Hamid which contains many pictures of the IG and from the photo captions we can with reasonable accuracy recreate the likely units, titles and structure for these troops.

Right - Extracted from a group photograph tiltled: "A platoon from the First Battalion of the First Infantry Regiment of the Imperial Guard (Abdullah Frères)", Abdul-Hamid II Collection (Library of Congress), created between 1880 and 1893. Clearly shows a soldier from the 1st Line Infantry regiment, between 1876 and 1908.

Till 1876, there had been two Imperial Guard Infantry (1860-1876), dressed in zouave uniforms, in addition to the line infantry [1].

After, 1876, this organisation disapears, and is replaced by a much expanded Imperial Guard, that appears to have taken as volunteers from the 1st Army Corps infantry regiments 1-8, leading to the soldiers having dual appointments in two different regiments (i.e. 1st Imperial Guard, and the 1st Infantry, at the same time).

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[1] Right - The 1st Imperial Guard Division, composed of the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Imperial Guard infantry regiments wore their own individually numbered button. Evidence for these numbered tunic buttons is: 1st Regiment Button: Illustrated in Askeri Müze ve Kültür Sitesti Komutanligi. (1986) Osmanli askeri teskilat ve kiyafetleri: 1876-1908 [Ottoman military organization and uniforms] Yayinlari; The 2nd regiment, found by the Great Arab Revolve Project archaeology digs in 2009; and one in a US Collection. The 3rd regiment also found by the GARP in 2009.

[2] Right and Above/Right  - Two examples of 2nd IG Regiment buttons. One in the Andrew Hall's collection, Australia; One in a US Collection. The last in a US Private Collection (shown on Axis Forum). The button back details are damaged, but displays BREVETE near a star and crescent. This was for "T.W. & W. / Paris / Brevete", who extensively supplied the pre-1908 Ottoman Imperial Army, from 1845 to 1902 (the word "Brevete" is French for Patent[ed]).

[3] Right - An example of 4th IG Regiment tunic button.

[4] Right - Buttons for the 5th and the 7th regiments show that more of the Imperial Guard infantry were distinguished with their own individual regimental button. The remaining IG infantry regiments such as 6th (the 4th may never have been raised) have not been seen.

Right - The Sapeurs of the Imperial Guard, was an African unit based on the French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte's ‘Grenadier Sapeurs of the Imperial Guard’.

• The interesting feature of this uniform is that he is wearing an actual Green turban, similar to the head gear of the Guard Zouave Regiment, where they wore a green keffiyeh (the traditional Arab cloth headdress) under a fez, with it wrapped around the base [1].
• Under the black apron (these were brown in the rest of the Imperial Army, and the significance of the colour 'black', is that it specifically signifies 'the time of war' in Islamic culture traditionally).
• They wear the same uniform as the Zouave Regiment (from the 1860s period).
• However, they have a special cuff insignia consisting of a single red tape chevron, finished with a trefoil.

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[1]  It should be noted that the significance of the green keffiyeh, at the time “denotes a man who has religious privileges” (The War Office. (2008) 1915 Notes on the Turkish Army: With a Short Vocabulary of Turkish Words and Phrases. N & M Press: 19).

Callwell, C.E. (CAPT.) (1892) Handbook of the Turkish Army. London: Harrison and Sons, St. Martin’s Lane (HMSO): 9-10, 21. Mentions the ‘zouave regiments’, describes one regiments, stating it has two battalions – “One is Albanian, the other Tripolitan”; and, “The man are mostly volunteers, or are specifically selected and form a species of guards”.

Right  - The Albanians were equipped with a traditional Balkan weapons belt, incorporating a belly wallet, called a “Bensilan”. This wallet also accommodated a pistol - traditional Turkish pistols, then later weapons like Colt and Mauser.

Right - Dating from 1898, the Albanian regiment first received their white uniform, with black embroidery.

The colour plate is from the NYPL collection, and this appears a close match for the New York Times description of a 1898 special Imperial Guard uniforms used for the visit of the Kaiser.

The Albanian regiment's white uniform, with blue embroidery is taken from the 1908 dated illustrations in 'Askeri Muze ve Kultur Sitesti Komutanligi. (1986) Osmanli askeri teskilat ve kiyafetleri: 1876-1908 [Ottoman military organization and uniforms] Yayinlari.'

“The Tripolitan zouaves wear short blue jackets and waistcoats with braiding of green, baggy red pantaloons, scarlet cummerbunds, white gaiters and ankle boots, and fez with green turban; the cloak is dark grey.” (Callwell, C.E. (CAPT.) (1892) Handbook of the Turkish Army. London: Harrison and Sons, St. Martin’s Lane (HMSO): 13). This passage suggests that the Tripolitan zouaves originally wore the 1860's Rifles' zouave uniformjackets and waistcoats.

​The Regiment of Zouaves of the IG were later uniformed in the 1861 Ottoman zouave uniform, this was a copy of the French 4th Zouave regiment.

In addition to which, they wore a green keffiyeh (the traditional Arab cloth headdress) under a fez, with it wrapped around the base. It should be noted that the significance of the green keffiyeh, wrapped turban-like around the base of the Fez, at the time “denotes a man who has religious privileges” (The War Office. (2008) 1915 Notes on the Turkish Army: With a Short Vocabulary of Turkish Words and Phrases. N & M Press: 19).

Above/Right - Illustrated in Askeri Müze ve Kültür Sitesti Komutanligi. (1986) Osmanli askeri teskilat ve kiyafetleri: 1876-1908 [Ottoman military organization and uniforms] Yayinlari [1]; the officers in the Regiment of Zouaves of the IG, wore:

• Full red collars on their 1876 Army jackets.
• Red trousers with broad black side-stripes edged in yelllow.

Right - A figure of a Zouave Regiment officer (identified by his red pants with black side stripes), is seen walking to the side of the Sultan’s carriage in a colourised picture postcard that reads “S.M.J. le Sultan se rendant au Selamilk après la Proclamation de la Constitution 1908.” [Sultan visiting the Selamilk after the Proclamation of the Constitution 1908] The Selamilk was the Sultan’s palace reception hall where traditionally white uniforms were worn.